ROLE OF SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE ADMINISTRATION

Written by : Yugul Vishal Butaney, B.B.A.LL.B, United World School of Law, Karnavati University

Abstract

Scientific evidence plays a crucial role in modern criminal justice systems, ensuring that convictions are based on objective facts rather than solely on witness testimony or circumstantial evidence. This dissertation examines the role of scientific evidence in criminal justice administration, with a specific focus on India while drawing comparisons with the United States and the United Kingdom. The study explores various forensic techniques, including DNA analysis, fingerprint examination, ballistic tests, and digital forensics, and their impact on criminal investigations and trials. It further discusses the legal and procedural aspects of forensic evidence under Indian law, as well as the challenges faced in its admissibility, reliability, and interpretation. A comparative analysis with the U.S. and U.K. highlights how different jurisdictions regulates forensic science and establish its credibility in court. Key issues such as lack of forensic infrastructure, judicial reluctance in accepting forensic reports, expert bias, and procedural delays are critically analyzed. The study also addresses emerging challenges, including the rise of digital crimes and the role of artificial intelligence in forensic investigations. The dissertation concludes by recommending legal reforms, improvements in forensic infrastructure, judicial training, and enhanced forensic regulations to strengthen the use of scientific evidence in India’s criminal justice system. These reforms would help ensure that forensic evidence contributes effectively to fair trials, speedy justice, and accurate convictions.

Keywords: Scientific Evidence, Forensic Science, Criminal Justice, DNA Profiling, Digital Forensics, Fingerprint Analysis, Ballistics

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